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Stella By Starlight (1946)

Origin and Chart Information
“The song itself became a dramatic focal point when Milland’s character Rod serenades his Stella...”

- JW

Rank 10
Music

Victor Young

Lyrics Ned Washington

Victor Young and His Orchestra introduced “Stella by Starlight” in the 1944 Paramount film, The Uninvited, a ghost story starring Ray Milland, Ruth Hussey and Gail Russell. While Young’s composition was written as the film’s recurrent theme, the song itself became a dramatic focal point when Milland’s character Rod serenades his Stella, played by Russell. Looking out the window while Rod is at his grand piano Stella asks what he is playing. Rod replies, “It’s a serenade. ‘To Stella by Starlight.’”

 

Victor Young was a child prodigy who began his professional career as a concert violinist. In later years he (more...)

The Uninvited garnered generally good reviews when it was released and to this day receives high marks from home video consumers. Lewis Allen directed with restraint, using almost no graphic images, demonstrating how effectively chilling a ghost story can be when more is left to the imagination. Allen’s frequent light touches are engaging and keep the film moving at a steady pace.

In May of 1947, “Stella by Starlight,” recorded by Harry James and His Orchestra, rose to number 21 on the pop charts. Two months later, in July, Frank Sinatra’s recording of the song with Alex Stordahl and His Orchestra also reached 21st place.

 

Chart information used by permission from
Joel Whitburn's Pop Memories 1890-1954

Although “Stella by Starlight” was composed as a theme song, it was to everyone’s advantage to enhance the Young composition. The addition of lyrics would increase the chances of the song becoming a pop hit, and a vocal hit could promote the film and vice-versa. When Young turned “Stella by Starlight” over to Ned Washington, he also posed the lyricist a bit of a problem. The song had already been titled, and Washington had to incorporate the phrase into his lyrics. The lyricist found he could only fit the title one place in the song, and as a result “Stella by Starlight” is unusual in that its title is not at the beginning or end of the song but about three-quarters of the way through.

 

Ned Washington began his career in vaudeville in 1922 where he was an emcee and actors’ agent. His first two songs (more...)

Music and Lyrics Analysis

“Stella by Starlight” is most often characterized as “haunting” and is usually performed somberly. The song is frequently described as “beautiful” and “rhapsodic,” apt descriptions considering that Young’s compositional influence was Sergei Rachmaninoff (1873-1943) whose melodies are often described in similar terms. The song was also set apart from other pop hits of the day because of its A1-B-C-A2 form.

Another film composer who borrowed from Rachmaninoff was Miklos Rosza (1907-1995) who won Academy Award nominations for his work on The Thief of Bagdad, Sundown, The Jungle Book, and Academy Awards for Spellbound, A Double Life, and Ben-Hur. Rozsa said of Young, “He wrote in the Broadway-cum-Rachmaninoff idiom which was then the accepted Hollywood style.”

Musical analysis of “Stella By Starlight”

Original Key G major, with two brief false key changes to C major and D major.
Form A1 – B – C – A2
Tonality Primarily major. All minor harmonies serve voice-leading functions as the piece wavers from one key to another.
Movement It initially descends to the low range, moving up to the high range in section “C,” then drops in an arc movement. About 90% of the motion is by step; there are a few skips and only two downward leaps of a fourth or larger. Over half of the melody consists of long, sustained tones.

Comments     (assumed background)

Section "A1" opens with a iiø7/iii, followed by a V7/iii and a deceptive resolution to the ii chord of Am (actually Am11 when the melody note is included.) As the listener would expect, this ii is followed by V7. The first surprise comes when this V7 (D7) turns minor in the following measure. The G7 resolving to C that comes after this strongly implies a false key change to C.

In section "B," the C major tonality is somewhat reinforced by the F7(IV7/I in C). However, if one considers it a VII7, as a mixolydian substitute for V7, this F7 chord is the harmonic pivot leading back to the original tonic key of G. The second half of section "B" begins with a I - vi - iii progression that is not by itself unusual - in fact, this particular progression is found in a number of standards and popular tunes, especially after 1950 ("You Are My Special Angel" is perhaps the best known example). In context of "Stella," however, it has a less emotional and more "impressionistic" flavor - especially due to the chord that leads into the new, temporary key of "D" in section "C." In the original sheet music edition, this chord is identified as a second inversion Em7(b5). On one hand, this could be construed as a i in the key of D. However, the presence of Bb in the bass would seem to make this a "French augmented sixth chord" (Fr+6), which corresponds to a Bb7(b5) in the key of D. In terms of pitch classes, all three of these chords are identical, and in this case, serve an identical function - as a substitution of the ii7 chord. Bypassing the V7 altogether, the progression now turns very briefly to the key of D major. It does not rest there long, however; this new, extremely temporary tonic of D is followed by a third inversion vii˚7, created by diatonic stepwise descent of the bass line. Normally, the ear expects a vii˚7 to resolve to I. In this case, the resolution is to a chord that shares three pitches in common with the temporary I chord of D, but because the root is not present and the bass note is F#, the chord becomes a iiø7/III - essentially - being followed by V7/III - the pivot chord that eventually leads back to G major. This original tonic is not heard again until the end of section "C," however.

Some musicologists disagree that section "A2" is indeed an "A" section at all, considering it a "D" section with a reference to "A." It is useful to keep in mind that songwriters and composers of this period were true craftspeople, often with formal musical education. A trained composer would have striven to achieve some kind of compositional unity and balance through the use of structure. The difference between "A1" and "A2" is small, the variation being found in the last four measures. The melodic contour of these measures in section "A2" is nearly a mirror of that found in section "A1." The real divergence comes at the end. Whereas section "A1" leaps downward, "A2" remains on pitch.

K. J. McElrath - Musicologist for JazzStandards.com

Check out K. J. McElrath's book of Jazz Standards Guide Tone Lines at his web site (www.bardicle.com).
Musician's Comments
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Soundtrack Information
Stella By Starlight” was included in these films:
  • The Nutty Professor (1965, Jerry Lewis singing to Stella Stevens)
  • Sabrina (1995, as part of the track, “The Party Sequence,” which includes “When Joanna Loved Me”/”The Shadow of Your Smile”/”Call Me Irresponsible”/”Stella by Starlight”)
Also on This Page...

Music & Lyrics Analysis
Musician's Comments
Soundtracks

Jazz History Notes
Also by the Same Writers...
Reading & Research

CD Recommendations for This Tune
Click on a CD for more details at Amazon.com
Joe Lovano

I’m All for You
2004, Blue Note Records
Saxist Lovano delivers “Stella by Starlight” with reverence yet still manages to tweak its core to give it new passion. This quartet recording was played live to disc.

The Monty Alexander Quintet

Ivory & Steel
1990, Concord 4124
Original recording, 1980
Pianist Alexander’s Quintet features the fabulous Othello Molineaux on steel drums. His improvisations on “Stella by Starlight” are a highlight of the CD which contains jazz compositions by John Coltrane, Miles Davis, Nat Adderley, and Milt Jackson.

Lenny Breau

The Complete Living Room Tapes
2003, Art of Life Records
Guitarist Breau had always been one to put his mark on a song, and “Stella by Starlight” is no exception. He displays his technical expertise on this sensitive rendition.

John Stetch

Standards
2003, Justin Time Records
This album contains a wonderful “derangement” from an awe-inspiring pianist. Stetch has the ability to get into the song and push it out from the inside.

Pierre Hurel

My Life Is Like a French Movie
2001, Liger Records
A Parisian now living and teaching in Boston, Hurel brings a European classical influence to this rendition. As he does in many of his interpretations of American standards he soothes listeners one moment and sets them off balance the next.

Tony Bennett

Jazz
1990, Sony 40424
Original recording, 1987
Vocalist Bennett and orchestra lend a gentle swing to “Stella by Starlight.”
Jazz History Notes

Charlie Parker, in addition to being a seminal figure in jazz history, had an exceptional ability in choosing repertoire that had previously been overlooked by jazz players. A perfect example is the tune “Stella by Starlight.” Parker was responsible for making the first recording of it in a jazz context in January, 1952. Parker was influenced by tenor saxophonist Lester Young, as was another tenor player, Stan Getz, and Getz’s version of “Stella” was recorded in December, 1952. As the tune caught on, in 1953 there would be versions by pianist Bud Powell and the powerful big band of Stan Kenton.

Chris Tyle - Jazz Musician and Historian


Charlie Parker

Charlie Parker, 1950-1952
Classics 1314

Stan Getz

Stan Getz, 1951-1952
Classics 1338

Bud Powell

Bud Powell Trio Plays
Blue Note Records 93902

Stan Kenton

Concerts in Minature, 1953
Sounds of Yesteryear
Written by the Same Composer or Team...
This section shows the jazz standards written by the same writing team. Click on a name to see all of a writer's jazz standards.

Ned Washington and Victor Young

YearRankTitle
194610Stella By Starlight
1949103My Foolish Heart

Bing Crosby, Ned Washington and Victor Young

YearRankTitle
193266(I Don’t Stand A) Ghost of a Chance (With You)
Reading and Research

Additional information on “Stella By Starlight” may be found in:


1 paragraph including the following types of information: film productions, history and performers.

1 paragraph including the following types of information: music analysis.

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