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“The song
itself became a dramatic
focal point when Milland’s
character Rod serenades
his Stella...” |
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- JW
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Victor
Young and His Orchestra
introduced “Stella by Starlight”
in the 1944 Paramount film,
The Uninvited, a
ghost story starring Ray
Milland, Ruth Hussey and
Gail Russell. While Young’s
composition was written
as the film’s recurrent
theme, the song itself became
a dramatic focal point when
Milland’s character Rod
serenades his Stella, played
by Russell. Looking out
the window while Rod is
at his grand piano Stella
asks what he is playing.
Rod replies, “It’s a serenade.
‘To Stella by Starlight.’”
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The Uninvited garnered
generally good reviews when
it was released and to this
day receives high marks
from home video consumers.
Lewis Allen directed with
restraint, using almost
no graphic images, demonstrating
how effectively chilling
a ghost story can be when
more is left to the imagination.
Allen’s frequent light touches
are engaging and keep the
film moving at a steady
pace.
In May of 1947, “Stella
by Starlight,” recorded
by Harry James and His Orchestra,
rose to number 21 on the
pop charts. Two months later,
in July,
Frank Sinatra’s recording
of the song with Alex Stordahl
and His Orchestra also reached
21st place.
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Although “Stella by Starlight”
was composed as a theme
song, it was to everyone’s
advantage to enhance the
Young composition. The addition
of lyrics would increase
the chances of the song
becoming a pop hit, and
a vocal hit could promote
the film and vice-versa.
When Young turned “Stella
by Starlight” over to Ned
Washington, he also posed
the lyricist a bit of a
problem. The song had already
been titled, and Washington
had to incorporate the phrase
into his lyrics. The lyricist
found he could only fit
the title one place in the
song, and as a result “Stella
by Starlight” is unusual
in that its title is not
at the beginning or end
of the song but about three-quarters
of the way through.
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“Stella by Starlight” is most often characterized
as “haunting” and is usually performed somberly.
The song is frequently described as “beautiful”
and “rhapsodic,” apt descriptions considering
that Young’s compositional influence was
Sergei Rachmaninoff (1873-1943) whose melodies
are often described in similar terms. The
song was also set apart from other pop hits
of the day because of its A1-B-C-A2 form.
Another film composer who borrowed from
Rachmaninoff was Miklos Rosza (1907-1995)
who won Academy Award nominations for his
work on
The Thief of Bagdad,
Sundown,
The Jungle Book, and Academy Awards
for
Spellbound,
A Double Life, and
Ben-Hur. Rozsa said of Young, “He
wrote in the Broadway-cum-Rachmaninoff idiom
which was then the accepted Hollywood style.”
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Musical analysis
of “Stella By Starlight”
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Original Key |
G
major, with two brief false key
changes to C major and D major. |
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Form |
A1
– B – C – A2 |
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Tonality |
Primarily
major. All minor harmonies serve
voice-leading functions as the piece
wavers from one key to another. |
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Movement |
It
initially descends to the low range,
moving up to the high range in section
“C,” then drops in an arc movement.
About 90% of the motion is by step;
there are a few skips and only two
downward leaps of a fourth or larger.
Over half of the melody consists
of long, sustained tones. |
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Comments
(assumed
background)
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Section "A1" opens with a iiø7/iii,
followed by a V7/iii and a deceptive
resolution to the ii chord of Am
(actually Am11 when the melody note
is included.) As the listener would
expect, this ii is followed by V7.
The first surprise comes when this
V7 (D7) turns minor in the following
measure. The G7 resolving to C that
comes after this strongly implies
a false key change to C. In section
"B," the C major tonality is somewhat
reinforced by the F7(IV7/I in C).
However, if one considers it a
VII7, as a mixolydian substitute
for V7, this F7 chord is the harmonic
pivot leading back to the original
tonic key of G. The second half
of section "B" begins with a I -
vi - iii progression that is not
by itself unusual - in fact, this
particular progression is found
in a number of standards and popular
tunes, especially after 1950 ("You
Are My Special Angel" is perhaps
the best known example). In context
of "Stella," however, it has a less
emotional and more "impressionistic"
flavor - especially due to the chord
that leads into the new, temporary
key of "D" in section "C." In the
original sheet music edition, this
chord is identified as a second
inversion Em7(b5). On one hand,
this could be construed as a i in
the key of D. However, the presence
of Bb in the bass would seem to
make this a "French augmented sixth
chord" (Fr+6), which corresponds
to a Bb7(b5) in the key of D. In
terms of pitch classes, all three
of these chords are identical, and
in this case, serve an identical
function - as a substitution of
the ii7 chord. Bypassing the V7
altogether, the progression now
turns very briefly to the key of
D major. It does not rest there
long, however; this new, extremely
temporary tonic of D is followed
by a third inversion vii˚7, created
by diatonic stepwise descent of
the bass line. Normally, the ear
expects a vii˚7 to resolve to I.
In this case, the resolution is
to a chord that shares three pitches
in common with the temporary I chord
of D, but because the root is not
present and the bass note is F#,
the chord becomes a iiø7/III - essentially
- being followed by V7/III - the
pivot chord that eventually leads
back to G major. This original tonic
is not heard again until the end
of section "C," however.
Some musicologists
disagree that section "A2" is indeed
an "A" section at all, considering
it a "D" section with a reference
to "A." It is useful to keep in
mind that songwriters and composers
of this period were true craftspeople,
often with formal musical education.
A trained composer would have striven
to achieve some kind of compositional
unity and balance through the use
of structure. The difference between
"A1" and "A2" is small, the variation
being found in the last four measures.
The melodic contour of these measures
in section "A2" is nearly a mirror
of that found in section "A1." The
real divergence comes at the end.
Whereas section "A1" leaps downward,
"A2" remains on pitch. |
K. J. McElrath - Musicologist for JazzStandards.com
Check out K. J. McElrath's book of Jazz Standards Guide Tone Lines at his web site (www.bardicle.com). |
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“Stella By Starlight”
was included in these films:
- The Nutty Professor
(1965, Jerry Lewis singing to Stella
Stevens)
- Sabrina (1995, as
part of the track, “The Party Sequence,”
which includes “When Joanna Loved Me”/”The
Shadow of Your Smile”/”Call Me Irresponsible”/”Stella
by Starlight”)
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Click on a CD for more
details at Amazon.com
Joe Lovano
I’m All for You
2004, Blue Note Records
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| Saxist Lovano delivers “Stella
by Starlight” with reverence yet
still manages to tweak its core
to give it new passion. This quartet
recording was played live to disc. |
The Monty Alexander Quintet
Ivory & Steel
1990, Concord 4124
Original recording, 1980
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| Pianist Alexander’s Quintet
features the fabulous Othello Molineaux
on steel drums. His improvisations
on “Stella by Starlight” are a highlight
of the CD which contains jazz compositions
by John Coltrane, Miles Davis, Nat
Adderley, and Milt Jackson. |
Lenny Breau
The Complete Living Room Tapes
2003, Art of Life Records
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| Guitarist Breau had always
been one to put his mark on a song,
and “Stella by Starlight” is no
exception. He displays his technical
expertise on this sensitive rendition. |
John Stetch
Standards
2003, Justin Time Records
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| This album contains a wonderful
“derangement” from an awe-inspiring
pianist. Stetch has the ability
to get into the song and push it
out from the inside. |
Pierre Hurel
My Life Is Like a French Movie
2001, Liger Records
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| A Parisian now living and
teaching in Boston, Hurel brings
a European classical influence to
this rendition. As he does in many
of his interpretations of American
standards he soothes listeners one
moment and sets them off balance
the next. |
Tony Bennett
Jazz
1990, Sony 40424
Original recording, 1987
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| Vocalist Bennett and orchestra
lend a gentle swing to “Stella by
Starlight.” |
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Charlie Parker, in addition to being
a seminal figure in jazz history, had an
exceptional ability in choosing repertoire
that had previously been overlooked by jazz
players. A perfect example is the tune “Stella
by Starlight.” Parker was responsible for
making the first recording of it in a jazz
context in January, 1952. Parker was influenced
by tenor saxophonist Lester Young, as was
another tenor player, Stan Getz, and Getz’s
version of “Stella” was recorded in December,
1952. As the tune caught on, in 1953 there
would be versions by pianist Bud Powell
and the powerful big band of Stan Kenton.
Chris Tyle - Jazz Musician and Historian
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This section shows the
jazz standards written by the same writing
team. Click on a name to see all
of a writer's jazz standards.
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Additional
information on “Stella By Starlight” may
be found in:
1 paragraph including
the following types of information:
film productions, history and performers.
1 paragraph including
the following types of information:
music analysis.
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